Biology reference sheets
Cells, genetics, and the systems of life at a glance.
Biomolecules and Macromolecules
The four macromolecule families (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids), their monomers and polymers, functional roles, and dehydration synthesis vs hydrolysis.
Cell Structure and Function
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells, plant vs animal cells, and the job each major organelle does inside the cell.
The Cell Membrane and Transport
How the phospholipid bilayer controls what enters and leaves a cell, and the difference between passive transport, active transport, and tonicity.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
How photosynthesis and cellular respiration convert energy between light, glucose, and ATP, where each happens in the cell, and how aerobic respiration compares to anaerobic fermentation.
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
How the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis work: diploid vs haploid chromosome numbers, the PMAT phases of mitosis, meiosis I vs meiosis II, and why meiosis produces genetic variation.
DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
How DNA's structure stores genetic information, how it's copied by replication, and how the central dogma turns a gene into a protein through transcription and translation.
Mendelian Genetics and Heredity
How alleles, dominant and recessive traits, genotype and phenotype, and Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment explain how traits pass from parents to offspring, with monohybrid Punnett square practice.
Natural Selection and Evolution
How variation, heritability, and differential survival drive evolution, plus the fossil, homology, and molecular evidence that shows populations change over time.
Classification and Taxonomy
The three domains of life and the taxonomic hierarchy from domain to species, binomial nomenclature, and how shared characteristics group organisms together.
Population and Community Ecology
How populations grow exponentially and logistically toward a carrying capacity, what limits that growth, and how species interact through predation, competition, mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
Energy Flow and Biogeochemical Cycles
How energy flows through producers, consumers, and decomposers via food chains and food webs, why only about 10% of energy passes between trophic levels, and how carbon, nitrogen, and water cycle through an ecosystem.
Human Body Systems Overview
How the major human organ systems work, how they depend on each other, and how feedback loops keep the body in balance through homeostasis.